Radiation is a form of energy or mass being emitted by an object. The most common forms of radiation that people are familiar with are Electromagnetic (EM) radiation and particle radiation.
EM includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, xrays, and gamma rays.
If a photon in the UV to gamma range strikes an atom, it has the energy to ionize it. Ionized atoms basically change chemical state, for example ionized O2 may become two separated O- atoms, or Oxygen radicals. Ionizing radiation at certain levels can damage cells in your body in a way that is known to lead to things like cancer.
Particle radiation refers to extremely small high speed objects that are emitted from nuclear reactions. Common types of particles in order of penetrating power include alpha (helium nuclei), beta, proton, and neutron radiation. Alpha particles can be effectively shielded by thin clothing and are not in general a danger to humans. Beta and proton radiation are both charged, so conductive shielding does a good job of stopping them, although protons have higher penetrating power due to their higher mass. Neutrons are difficult to shield because they are not charged. Neutrons encountering thick layers of lead will slow down or thermalize, but will penetrate much thicker layers than protons or betas. Neutrons can also activate materials they strike, with lead being a notable exception (very little activation occurs compared to other metals).
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